BOYS TO MEN: THE ADOLESCENT MALE VOICE
By
Jeanie Darnell, D. M. A.
Associate Professor of Music, Voice, and Head of Vocal Studies
Bower School of Music
Florida Gulf Coast University
jdarnell@fgcu.edu

Lecture notes
Young voice teachers often rely on junior high and high school students as a substantial percentage of their private studio teaching, yet many have not been taught about the special needs of adolescents in singing.  Basic vocal pedagogy courses and texts focus primarily on the training of adult voices, and not on the physiology and unique needs of children and adolescents.  

There has been controversy over whether male adolescents should sing through their changes or not.  Research shows that when voice professionals have knowledge of anatomic and physiologic differences between adolescents and adults, they are able train their young male students optimally and protect the longevity of their voices.  By understanding the young male’s physiology in the various stages of development and how these physical changes affect the vocal mechanism, the private studio teacher may work within his present capabilities and physical limitations.  Many successful choral methodologies can be adapted to private studio use.  It is possible to advance the student’s technical, musical, and performance skills without harming his voice.

Physical changes during puberty that affect the singing voice:
•	The vocal folds grow in length and mass
•	The neck elongates and causes the larynx to lower
•	The pharyngeal tube enlarges
•	The thyroid cartilage grows and the anterior angle protrudes
•	The muscles and cartilages around the vocal folds grow and develop
•	The epiglottis flattens, grows, and elevates (Sataloff and Spiegal, Jan./Feb. 1989)
•	The Laryngeal mucosa becomes stronger and thickens (Sataloff and Spiegal, Jan./Feb. 1989)
•	The chest enlarges and the vital capacity increases
•	Extrinsic muscle functioning is disturbed (Weiss, 1950)
•	The singing fundamental frequency drops approximately one octave

Common problems experienced by adolescent males in singing due to their changing vocal tract include:
•	Loss of notes at the top of the range; he may experience “cracks” or “breaks”
•	Loss of range and tessitura
•	Loss of resonance, especially in the lower voice; the changing voice timbre becomes more breathy or husky
•	Difficulty phonating the area around C4
•	Loss of flexibility; difficulty with managing melismatic passages on sustained vowels
•	Strain from attempting high notes
•	Quick fatigue 
•	Trouble with intonation 
•	Difficulty managing interval leaps over a fourth or fifth
•	Inability to blend registers smoothly
•	Loss of dynamic intensity
•	Loss of confidence in singing ability

According to a study by Janice N. Killian (1997), puberty is a frustrating time for young male singers, because their old technique no longer works efficiently.  The youth may feel embarrassed by this new lack of control and feel agitated from losing his high range, dynamic power, and resonant tone quality.  He is easily fatigued and may experience physical discomfort at times, much like laryngitis resulting from an illness.  If he does not understand what is happening to him, he may feel traumatized and give up singing.

John Cooksey has taken into account the research of music educators, speech pathologists, and voice scientists in his Eclectic theory for training and cultivating the junior high male changing voice.  As a music educator, he has had extensive teaching experience with junior high school boys’ choirs.  He outlined the physical changes that take place during puberty in males; in particular, the changes related to the larynx and process of phonation.  He believed the factors of range, tessitura, and timbre were the most important ingredients of classifying each stage of vocal development in the male adolescent.  (In 1985, Wolverton found that in addition to tessitura and range, register pivotal notes are also an important indicator of male adolescent voice classification.   Cooksey’s pivot notes are included on the chart.)  All pubescent boys will go through the various stages of development Cooksey outlines, but the rate of change varies with individuals.

Cooksey’s Revised Classifications of Stages of Mutation (Cooksey and Welch, March 1998):

	Stage/Classification		Range			Tessitura	(Pivot Notes)
									       Modal to Falsetto
	Premutation/Boy Soprano	A3-F5			C#4-A#4	F5
	Stage 1/Midvoice I		A flat 3-C5		B3-G4		C5
	Stage 2/Midvoice II		F3-(G4)A4		G#3-F4		G4-C5
	Stage 3/Midvoice IIA		D3-F#4			F#3-(C4)D4(E4)	G4-C5
	Stage 4/Newvoice		B2-(D4)D#4		D#3-A#3	C4-G5
	Stage 5/Emerging Adult		G2-D4			B2-G#3		D4

Many studies have confirmed Cooksey’s stages of mutation, which is why voice teachers may comfortably use them in classifying the stage of development in male adolescents (Groom, 1984; Rutowski, 1984; Barressi and Bless, 1984; and Phillip and Emge, 1994).  

Vocalises:
•	When you teach vocalises, keep it simple by using triadic figures and five-note scales at first, and then expand to an octave.  (Note that in the radical change, Midvoice IIA, there may not be an entire octave range.)
•	Use all vowels, and favor starting the vocalise in light mechanism, working down to heavy mechanism at moderate dynamic levels.  
•	Moderate tempi are advisable, and melismatic exercises must not be executed too fast.
•	Work for clean onset (do not allow glottal attacks)
•	Rid the articulators of any visible tension   
•	Work for ease of production in entire body

In teaching technique:
•	Work for ease of production
•	Remain in a comfortable tessitura at all times
•	Sing at a moderate level to avoid strain
•	Do not allow a forced belt voice, or a falsetto pushed too low  
•	Concentrate on building basic technique first (posture, breathing, articulation, resonation), and diction
•	Explore registers, but do not weave in and out of different registers suddenly and expect to blend them until voice has settled  
•	Do not work for range extension until a good amount of basic technique has been established—work on developing the middle voice first 
•	Limit lesson and practice time to a half hour to accommodate the youth’s shorter vocal stamina  
•	Take breaks from singing if necessary during lesson, and use that time to teach other things such as music literacy, expression, and performance presentation  
•	Encourage healthy use of voice in daily life—teach vocal health  

In selecting literature:
•	Look for songs in appropriate tessitura and range; transpose to a comfortable key when necessary, or re-write melody to avoid strained notes 
•	Choose short songs that are tuneful and contain shorter overall phrase lengths
•	Avoid songs with awkward interval leaps and rhythms
•	Avoid melismatic settings on sustained vowels; syllabic texts at moderate tempi work best
•	 Piano textures should be light and double the melody when possible to support the singer
•	Texts should interest the singer and be in a language the student understands
•	Suggested literature may include but not be limited to folk songs, hymns, Disney songs, Joan Boytim’s collections for young singers, and Frederick Harris Songbook Series (please see Novie Greene’s selected bibliography for more suggestions on vocal repertoire)

List compiled by Novie Greene
241 West Spruce Street
Orlando, Florida 32804 
noviegreene@juno.com

Selected Bibliography of Collections for Young Male Adolescent Singers

American Folksongs & Spirituals, 75 Songs of the American Heritage, Hal Leonard
     Publishing Co. An excellent, inexpensive collection for the young beginner.
Broadway for Teens, young men’s edition, (compiled by Louise Lerch), Hal Leonard Publishing Co.
Broadway Junior Songbook, young men’s edition, Hal Leonard Publishing Co.  Selections from Broadway Junior
     Collection, musicals edited and modified for school performances.
Easy Songs for Beginning Tenor, Baritone/Bass  (compiled by  
     Joan Frey Boytim)  Hal Leonard Publishing Co. This wonderful collection has easy art songs, folk songs, spirituals,   
     and vintage popular songs.           
Easy Songs for Beginning Tenor/Baritone, Bass Volume 2 (compiled by Joan Boytim) 
      Hal Leonard Publishing Co.  Continuation of repertoire in Book 1.
First Book of Broadway Solos Tenor and Baritone Volumes, (compiled by Joan Boytim), Hal Leonard   
*Folk Songs for Solo Singers, Vol. 1 & 2 (compiled and edited by Jay Althouse), Alfred Publishing Co. Vol. 2 is better     
     for young men.  
*Hymn Solos for All Seasons (arr. by William Cutter), Alfred Publishing Co. 10 hymn      
     arrangements.
*International Folk Songs for Solo Singers (compiled and edited by Jay Althouse), 
Alfred Publishing Co.  An excellent collection of 12 songs for singers with more brains than voice at this age!
Kid’s Broadway Songbook, Hal Leonard Publishing Co. Songs sung by children 
     in musicals. 
Musical Theatre Anthology for Teens—Young Men's Editions, (compiled by Louise 
     Lerch), Hal Leonard Publishing Co.  Excellent theatrical collection of songs for teens.       
**Pathways of Song, Vol. I, II, III, & IV, (compiled and edited by Frank LaForge & Will Earhart)
     Warner Brothers Publications, Inc.  A Best of Pathways collection is also available
Popular Solos for Young Singers, Hal Leonard Publishing Co.  Includes traditional
     favorites.
Ready to Sing Folk Songs...(compiled and editied by Jay Althouse), Alfred Publishing
     Co. Includes song sheets with vocal part which can be copied. Great for the first lessons!          
Solo Songs for Young Voices, Audrey Snyder, editor. An inexpensive and interesting
     collection of folk songs and original songs in art song settings.
Solos for Young Voices (Edited, arranged, and composed by Dave and Jean Perry) Shawnee Press
Songs America Sings (ed. Melvin Stecher, Norman Horowitz, & Claire Gordon), Hal 
Leonard  Wonderful large collection of songs in good keys with easy piano accompaniments and guitar or autoharp chords indicated.
*Spirituals for Solo Singers (compiled and edited by Jay Althouse), Alfred Publishing  Co.  Good for the  talented
      beginner or more experienced singer.
The Teen’s Musical Theatre Collection, Young Men’s Edition  (compiled by Louise Lerch), Hal Leonard.                                        
36 Solos (Compiled by Joan Boytim)Hal Leonard. Collection of folksongs, spirituals, easy classics.

*Available in Medium High and Medium Low
**Available in High and Low

Collections for Changing Voices
Heroes and Vagabonds ( Compiled, composed and arranged by Mark Patterson)  BriLee Music
Traveling On (Compiled, composed and arranged by Ruth Elaine Schram) BriLee Music
Solos for the Changing Male Voice (Edited, arranged, and composed by Dave and Jean Perry) Shawnee Press